ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of different congenital anomalies in surviving chick embryo on hatching after the prenatal administration of valproic acid by comparing with age-matched controls
Study Design: Experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department, College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan [CPSP] Regional Centre, Islamabad, from February 2010 to February 2011
Material and Methods: Thirty fertilized chicken eggs were injected with valproic acid, incubated and then evaluated for different gross congenital anomalies, on hatching or day 22 of incubation whichever was earlier. Chicks of this group were labeled as experimental group-A. Similarly, another group of thirty fertilized chicken eggs labeled as control group-B, underwent sham treatment using normal saline. The weight and length of alive chicks, the total number of chicks with gross anomalies and the number of different types of gross anomalies in both groups were noted and statistically compared
Results: In control group-B, 28 chicks hatch out on 21 day of hatching with no visible gross deformities. Whereas in experimental group-A, 23 chicks were alive, out of which, 9 chicks were with delayed hatching on 22 days of hatching. The chicks with gross deformities were 8 [p=0.0008] which included: limb abnormalities [i.e. inverted feet] in 6 chicks [p=0.006], eye abnormality [i.e. closed palpebral fissure of both eyes] in 2 chick [p=0.2], 1 chick showed multiple deformities including gastroschisis, closed palpebral fissures and inverted foot [p=0.45]
There were behavioral changes in 10 chicks [p=0.0001]. There was statistically significant difference in their weights [p=0.03]
Conclusion: Prenatal exposure of chick embryos to valproic acid increased the incidence of different gross deformities
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the effect of glucose administration on the development of sclera in the chick embryo Gallus domesticus
Study Design: Experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department, CPSP Regional Centre, Islamabad, from January 2013 to January 2014
Methodology: The study was carried out in two main groups, control A and experimental B, which were subdivided into three subgroups comprising 30 eggs each. The group A was injected with normal saline [0.3 ml] in the egg albumen. The group B was injected with 0.3 ml of 5% w/v solution of glucose equivalent to 15 mg of glucose. Subgroups A1 and B1 were opened on day 10 of incubation. Subgroups A2 and B2 were sacrificed on day 12 of incubation. Eggs from subgroups A3 and B3 were opened on day 15 of incubation. Experimental subgroups were compared with matched control subgroups and quantitative data was analysed statistically
Results: Administration of glucose resulted in changes in thickness of sclera. The mean thickness [[micro]m] of sclera at day 10 of incubation was 43.54 +/-2.45 in control subgroup and 43.03 +/-5.86 in the experimental subgroup [p=0.673]. The mean thickness [[micro]m] of sclera at day 15 of incubation 77.48 +/-8.32 in control subgroup and 73.99 +/-8.62 in experimental subgroup [p=0.145]. The mean number of chondrocytes/unit area of hyaline cartilage of sclera in day 10 was 17.40 +/-1.44 control subgroup and 14.57 +/-1.87 in the experimental subgroup [p < 0.001]. The mean number of chondrocytes/unit area of hyaline cartilage of sclera on day 15 was 10.02 +/-0.86 in the control subgroup and 9.54 +/-0.59 in the experimental subgroup [p=0.025]. There was disrupted ossicular formation indicating adverse effects on the development of bony sclera as well
Conclusion: Administration of glucose caused alteration in the histology of sclera in developing chick embryos
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the effects of prenatal exposure to sodium phenytoin on survival and hatching of chick embryos
Study Design: Experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Anatomy Department, Regional Centre of College of Physicians and Surgeons, Islamabad from January 2012 to January 2013
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on three experimental [B1,B2,B3] and three control [A1,A2,A3] groups. The chick embryos of the experimental groups were injected with 3.5 mg of sodium phenytoin per egg whereas the controls were administered same volume of normal saline just before incubation. The experimental group was dissected on day 4, day 9 and day 22 or hatching whichever was earlier. The survivability was compared with age-matched controls
Results: Survival was less in the experimental groups as compared to the controls. The percentage of mortality was 3.84% in group B1, 14.28% in group B2 and 21.42% in group B3. This difference between control and experimental groups was found to be statistically significant [p<0.05]. In group B3, 90% of the live chicks were able to crack open the shell on their own. Rest of the chicks had to be assisted after waiting till 22nd day of the incubation. All of the chicks belonging to the control group A3 cracked open the shell on their own on the 21[st] day of incubation but this difference between groups A3 and B3 regarding mode of hatching was found to be statistically insignificant [p 0.1812]
Conclusion: In this study, prenatal sodium phenytoin exposure resulted in decreased chick embryo survival with increasing embryonic age and increased duration of exposure but there was no significant effect on the hatching of the chicks
ABSTRACT
To determine the effects of prenatal administration of valproic acid on the developmental gross morphology of pancreas in chick embryo. Experimental study. Anatomy Department, Regional Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Islamabad, from February 2010 to February 2011. An experimental group-A and control group-B, comprised of 30 eggs each. Freshly laid fertilized chicken eggs of experimental group were injected with valproic acid, incubated and hatched. Eggs of control group underwent sham treatment using normal saline. The chicks were sacrificed on hatching or day 22 of incubation, whichever was earlier. The pancreata of only alive chicks of both groups were dissected out, and evaluated for gross morphology in terms of length and weight by statistically comparing with control ones. Then pancreata were stained with aldehyde fuchsin and orange-G stain to study other obvious histological effects, if any. Chicken embryos exposed to valproic acid in ovo, showed significant decrease in length and weight of pancreata. The mean of length [cm] of pancreata in group-A was 2.208 +/- 0.166, and group-B was 2.300 +/- 0.102 [p=0.008]. The mean of weight [g] of pancreata in group-A was 0.032 +/- 0.009, and group-B was 0.048 +/- 0.005 [p=0.001]. Valproic acid exposure showed retarding effect on the gross development of pancreas as depicted by decrease in the length and weight of pancreata
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Pancreas/growth & development , Pancreas/drug effects , Chick EmbryoABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study was to study chick heart at different stages of development to serve as a normal baseline
Study Design: Descriptive study
Place and duration: Department of Anatomy, Islamabad Regional Centre of College of Physician and Surgeon, Pakistan from February 2006 to February 2007
Methodology: Ninety chicken eggs were divided into three groups based on the day of sacrifice. Group 1 and 2 were sacrificed at day 7 and 10 of incubation respectively, and group 3 on hatching or day 22 whichever was earlier
Results: At day 7 all the heart chambers were formed along with atrioventricular valves; however semilunar valvular cusps had rounded primordia. Elastic fibres could not be stained in great vessels of day 7 hearts in contrast to day 10 and newly hatched chick hearts where elastic fibres were well stained. In a newly hatched chick heart the semilunar valvular cusps were thin and slender
Conclusion: Chick heart is a useful tool to study the effects of external teratogens on developing heart
ABSTRACT
To determine the survival of chick embryos after ethanol vapour exposure by noting the number of dead and alive embryos and comparing with age-matched controls. Study Design: Experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy at the regional centre of College of Physicians and Surgeons, Islamabad, from February 2006 to February 2007. Chicken eggs, placed in an incubator, were exposed to ethanol vapours produced through a specially designed vapour chamber. The experimental group was dissected on day 7, day 10 and day 22 or hatching whichever was earlier and compared with age-matched controls. The proportion of ethanol vapours in the incubator was monitored with a breathalyzer. No statistical difference was seen in the survival of day 7 alcohol-exposed embryos and their age-matched controls. The survival of day 10-control embryos was significantly higher than alcohol exposed group of same age. The embryos exposed to ethanol vapours from day 1 to day 10 and then followed till hatching or day 22, whichever was earlier, had significantly lower survival than age-matched controls. In this study, ethanol vapour exposure decreased embryo survival with increasing embryonic age and increased duration of exposure
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Chick Embryo/drug effects , Breath Tests , Survival Rate , Fetal Alcohol Spectrum DisordersABSTRACT
To determine the adverse effects of passive tobacco smoking on fertility of female mice and the preventive role of antioxidants, if any Randomized controlled trial. Anatomy Department, CPSP Regional Centre, Islamabad, from February to July 2005. One hundred and seventeen female mice [Balb C] were selected by random sampling. They were mated and grouped as C [n=30] control, S [n=40] exposed to passive smoke in a whole body exposure chamber and SV [n=37] exposed to smoke and given antioxidants [vitamin C, E]. At 19 days postcoital they were sacrificed and the number of pregnant animals, fetuses and resorption cases were counted. Histological study of uteri without fetuses was done in H and E stained sections for confirmation of pregnancy. Percentages were calculated and Chi-square test was used to calculate statistical significance. The percentage of pregnancies was 55.00% in S and 80.00% in C [p=0.029]. The percentage of animals with more than 11 fetuses was 5.0% in S and 33.30% in C [p=0.001]. The percentage of animals with resorption was 31.80% in S and 0.00% in C [p=0.005]. These values in SV were 64.86%, 18.90% and 20.80%, which were not significantly different from S [p=0.378, 0.216, 0.390 respectively]. Histological study of resorption sites revealed decidual reaction/ remnants of the placenta. Passive tobacco smoke has adverse effects on fertility of female mice, which were not prevented by antioxidants. Either those were due to other chemicals present in smoke, or the antioxidants were inadequate to neutralize the free radicals